实现 OAuth 2.0 服务器

每个 Cloud-to-cloud 集成都必须包含用户身份验证机制。

通过身份验证，您可以将用户的 Google 账号与用户在您的身份验证系统中的账号相关联。这样，您就可以在您的执行方式接收到智能家居 intent 时识别用户。Google 智能家居仅支持包含授权代码流程的 OAuth。

本页介绍了如何设置 OAuth 2.0 服务器，以使其可与 Cloud-to-cloud 集成搭配使用。

通过 OAuth 进行 Google 账号关联

在授权代码流程中，您需要两个端点：

• 授权端点，用于向尚未登录的用户显示登录界面。授权端点还会创建一个短期授权代码，用于记录用户对所请求访问权限的同意情况。

• 令牌交换端点，负责处理两种类型的交换：

  1. 使用授权代码换取长期刷新令牌和短期访问令牌。当用户完成账号关联流程时，系统会进行此交换。
  2. 用长期有效的刷新令牌换取短期有效的访问令牌。 当 Google 需要新的访问令牌（因为之前的令牌已过期）时，就会发生此交换。

设计准则

本部分介绍了您为 OAuth 关联流程托管的用户界面的设计要求和建议。在 Google 的应用调用此方法后，您的平台会向用户显示 Google 登录页面和账号关联同意屏幕。用户同意关联账号后，系统会将用户重定向回 Google 的应用。

要求

1. 您必须告知用户，其账号将与 Google 关联，而非 Google Home 或 Google 助理等特定 Google 产品。
2. 您必须提供 Google 授权声明，例如“登录即表示您授权 Google 控制您的设备。”请参阅 Google Home 开发者政策的 Google 设备控制授权部分。
3. 您必须打开 Web OAuth 关联页面，并确保用户有明确的 Google 账号登录方法，例如用于输入用户名和密码的字段。请勿使用 Google 登录 (GSI) 方法，该方法允许用户在不进入 Web OAuth 关联页面的情况下进行关联。这违反了 Google 政策。
4. 您必须在 OAuth 关联页面中包含以下至少一项，以指明用户要关联的集成：
   • 公司徽标
   • 公司名称
   • 集成名称
   • 应用图标

建议

建议您执行以下操作：

1. 显示 Google 的隐私权政策。在意见征求屏幕上添加指向 Google 隐私权政策的链接。

2. 要分享的数据。使用简洁明了的语言告知用户 Google 需要哪些用户数据以及原因。

3. 明确的号召性用语。在同意屏幕上提供清晰的号召性用语，例如“同意并关联”。这是因为用户需要了解他们必须与 Google 分享哪些数据才能关联其账号。

4. 能够取消。如果用户选择不关联，请提供一种供用户返回或取消的方式。

5. 清晰的登录流程。确保用户有明确的 Google 账号登录方法，例如用于输入用户名和密码的字段，或使用 Google 账号登录。

6. 能够解除关联。提供一种可供用户取消关联的机制，例如指向您平台上的账号设置的网址。或者，您也可以添加指向 Google 账号的链接，以便用户管理其关联的账号。

7. 能够更改用户账号。建议用户切换账号的方法。如果用户倾向于使用多个账号，这项功能尤其有用。

   • 如果用户必须关闭同意屏幕才能切换账号，请向 Google 发送可恢复的错误，以便用户可以通过 OAuth 关联登录所需账号。

8. 添加您的徽标。在权限请求页面上显示公司徽标。 根据样式指南放置徽标。如果您还想显示 Google 的徽标，请参阅徽标和商标。

授权代码流程

An OAuth 2.0 server implementation of the authorization code flow consists of two endpoints, which your service makes available by HTTPS. The first endpoint is the authorization endpoint, which is responsible for finding or obtaining consent from users for data access. The authorization endpoint presents a sign-in UI to your users that aren't already signed in and records consent to the requested access. The second endpoint is the token exchange endpoint, which is used to obtain encrypted strings, called tokens, that authorize a user to access your service.

When a Google application needs to call one of your service's APIs, Google uses these endpoints together to get permission from your users to call these APIs on their behalf.

An OAuth 2.0 authorization code flow session initiated by Google has the following flow:

1. Google opens your authorization endpoint in the user's browser. If the flow started on a voice-only device for an Action, Google transfers the execution to a phone.
2. The user signs in, if not signed in already, and grants Google permission to access their data with your API, if they haven't already granted permission.
3. Your service creates an authorization code and returns it to Google. To do so, redirect the user's browser back to Google with the authorization code attached to the request.
4. Google sends the authorization code to your token exchange endpoint, which verifies the authenticity of the code and returns an access token and a refresh token. The access token is a short-lived token that your service accepts as credentials to access APIs. The refresh token is a long-lived token that Google can store and use to acquire new access tokens when they expire.
5. After the user has completed the account linking flow, every subsequent request sent from Google contains an access token.

Handle authorization requests

When you need to perform account linking using the OAuth 2.0 authorization code flow, Google sends the user to your authorization endpoint with a request that includes the following parameters:

For example, if your authorization endpoint is available at https://myservice.example.com/auth, a request might look like the following:

GET https://myservice.example.com/auth?client_id=GOOGLE_CLIENT_ID&redirect_uri=REDIRECT_URI&state=STATE_STRING&scope=REQUESTED_SCOPES&response_type=code

For your authorization endpoint to handle sign-in requests, do the following steps:

1. Verify that the client_id matches the Client ID you assigned to Google, and that the redirect_uri matches the redirect URL provided by Google for your service. These checks are important to prevent granting access to unintended or misconfigured client apps. If you support multiple OAuth 2.0 flows, also confirm that the response_type is code.
2. Check if the user is signed in to your service. If the user isn't signed in, complete your service's sign-in or sign-up flow.
3. Generate an authorization code for Google to use to access your API. The authorization code can be any string value, but it must uniquely represent the user, the client the token is for, and the code's expiration time, and it must not be guessable. You typically issue authorization codes that expire after approximately 10 minutes.
4. Confirm that the URL specified by the redirect_uri parameter has the following form:

     https://oauth-redirect.googleusercontent.com/r/YOUR_PROJECT_ID
     https://oauth-redirect-sandbox.googleusercontent.com/r/YOUR_PROJECT_ID
     

5. Redirect the user's browser to the URL specified by the redirect_uri parameter. Include the authorization code you just generated and the original, unmodified state value when you redirect by appending the code and state parameters. The following is an example of the resulting URL:

   https://oauth-redirect.googleusercontent.com/r/YOUR_PROJECT_ID?code=AUTHORIZATION_CODE&state=STATE_STRING

Handle token exchange requests

Your service's token exchange endpoint is responsible for two kinds of token exchanges:

• Exchange authorization codes for access tokens and refresh tokens
• Exchange refresh tokens for access tokens

Token exchange requests include the following parameters:

Configure how Google sends credentials to your server

Depending on its implementation, your authorization server expects to receive client credentials either in the request body, or in the request header.

By default, Google sends the credentials in the request body. If your authorization server requires the client credentials to be in the request header, you must configure your Cloud-to-cloud integration accordingly:

Go to the Developer Console

1. From the list of projects, click Open next to the project you want to work with.

2. Under Cloud-to-Cloud, select Develop.

3. Click Open next your integration.

4. Scroll down to the Permissions (optional) section and select the Have Google transmit Client ID and secret via HTTP basic auth header checkbox.

5. Click Save to save your changes.

Exchange authorization codes for access tokens and refresh tokens

After the user signs in and your authorization endpoint returns a short-lived authorization code to Google, Google sends a request to your token exchange endpoint to exchange the authorization code for an access token and a refresh token.

For these requests, the value of grant_type is authorization_code, and the value of code is the value of the authorization code you previously granted to Google. The following is an example of a request to exchange an authorization code for an access token and a refresh token:

POST /token HTTP/1.1
Host: oauth2.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

client_id=GOOGLE_CLIENT_ID&client_secret=GOOGLE_CLIENT_SECRET&grant_type=authorization_code&code=AUTHORIZATION_CODE&redirect_uri=REDIRECT_URI

To exchange authorization codes for an access token and a refresh token, your token exchange endpoint responds to POST requests by executing the following steps:

1. Verify that the client_id identifies the request origin as an authorized origin, and that the client_secret matches the expected value.
2. Verify that the authorization code is valid and not expired, and that the client ID specified in the request matches the client ID associated with the authorization code.
3. Confirm that the URL specified by the redirect_uri parameter is identical to the value used in the initial authorization request.
4. If you can't verify all of the above criteria, return an HTTP 400 Bad Request error with {"error": "invalid_grant"} as the body.
5. Otherwise, use the user ID from the authorization code to generate a refresh token and an access token. These tokens can be any string value, but they must uniquely represent the user and the client the token is for, and they must not be guessable. For access tokens, also record the expiration time of the token, which is typically an hour after you issue the token. Refresh tokens don't expire.
6. Return the following JSON object in the body of the HTTPS response:

   {
   "token_type": "Bearer",
   "access_token": "ACCESS_TOKEN",
   "refresh_token": "REFRESH_TOKEN",
   "expires_in": SECONDS_TO_EXPIRATION
   }

Google stores the access token and the refresh token for the user and records the expiration of the access token. When the access token expires, Google uses the refresh token to get a new access token from your token exchange endpoint.

Exchange refresh tokens for access tokens

When an access token expires, Google sends a request to your token exchange endpoint to exchange a refresh token for a new access token.

For these requests, the value of grant_type is refresh_token, and the value of refresh_token is the value of the refresh token you previously granted to Google. The following is an example of a request to exchange a refresh token for an access token:

POST /token HTTP/1.1
Host: oauth2.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

client_id=GOOGLE_CLIENT_ID&client_secret=GOOGLE_CLIENT_SECRET&grant_type=refresh_token&refresh_token=REFRESH_TOKEN

To exchange a refresh token for an access token, your token exchange endpoint responds to POST requests by executing the following steps:

1. Verify that the client_id identifies the request origin as Google, and that the client_secret matches the expected value.
2. Verify that the refresh token is valid, and that the client ID specified in the request matches the client ID associated with the refresh token.
3. If you can't verify all of the above criteria, return an HTTP 400 Bad Request error with {"error": "invalid_grant"} as the body.
4. Otherwise, use the user ID from the refresh token to generate an access token. These tokens can be any string value, but they must uniquely represent the user and the client the token is for, and they must not be guessable. For access tokens, also record the expiration time of the token, typically an hour after you issue the token.
5. Return the following JSON object in the body of the HTTPS response:

   {
   "token_type": "Bearer",
   "access_token": "ACCESS_TOKEN",
   "expires_in": SECONDS_TO_EXPIRATION
   }

处理 userinfo 请求

userinfo 端点是受 OAuth 2.0 保护的资源，会返回关联用户的声明。实现和托管 userinfo 端点是可选的，但以下用例除外：

• 使用 Google One Tap 登录关联的账号。
• Android TV 提供顺畅的订阅体验。

从您的令牌端点成功检索到访问令牌后，Google 会向您的 userinfo 端点发送请求，以检索关联用户的基本个人资料信息。

例如，如果您的 userinfo 端点可通过 https://myservice.example.com/userinfo 时，请求可能如下所示：

GET /userinfo HTTP/1.1
Host: myservice.example.com
Authorization: Bearer ACCESS_TOKEN

为了让 userinfo 端点能够处理请求，请执行以下步骤：

1. 从 Authorization 标头中提取访问令牌，并返回与访问令牌相关联的用户的信息。
2. 如果访问令牌无效，则使用 WWW-Authenticate 响应标头返回 HTTP 401 Unauthorized 错误。下面是一个 userinfo 错误响应示例：

   HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized
   WWW-Authenticate: error="invalid_token",
   error_description="The Access Token expired"
   

   如果在关联过程中返回 401 未经授权错误或任何其他失败的错误响应，该错误将无法恢复，检索到的令牌将被舍弃，并且用户必须重新开始关联流程。

3. 如果访问令牌有效，则返回 HTTPS 正文中包含以下 JSON 对象的 HTTP 200 响应 回答：

   {
   "sub": "USER_UUID",
   "email": "EMAIL_ADDRESS",
   "given_name": "FIRST_NAME",
   "family_name": "LAST_NAME",
   "name": "FULL_NAME",
   "picture": "PROFILE_PICTURE",
   }

   如果您的 userinfo 端点返回 HTTP 200 成功响应，则系统会针对用户的 Google 账号注册检索到的令牌和声明。

   userinfo 端点响应
   sub	系统中用于识别用户的唯一 ID。
   email	用户的电子邮件地址。
   given_name	可选：用户的名字。
   family_name	可选：用户的姓氏。
   name	可选：用户的全名。
   picture	可选：用户的个人资料照片。